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Constantine of Kostenets
Constantine (or Konstantin) of Kostenets (born c. 1380, died after 1431), also known as Konstantin Kostenechki ((ブルガリア語:Константин Костенечки)) and Constantine the Philosopher ((セルビア語:Константин Филозоф)), was a medieval Bulgarian scholar, writer and chronicler, who spent most of his life in the Serbian Despotate. He is best known for his biography of Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević, which George Ostrogorsky described as "the most important historical work of old Serbian literature",〔Ostrogorsky, ''History of the Byzantine State'', translated by Joan Hussey, revised edition, (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1969), p. 471〕 and for writing the first Serbian philological study, ''Skazanije o pismenah'' (A History on the Letters).
== Biography ==
Constantine was born in Bulgaria, probably in the town of Kostenets. In his youth, he attended school in Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria, and was taught by Andronik, a pupil of Patriarch Evtimiy of Bulgaria. He continued his studies on Mount Athos and in Constantinople. The Ottoman conquest of Tarnovo in 1393 drove him away and he settled in Stefan Lazarević's Serbian Despotate, probably around 1402. He was warmly welcomed by the Despot, also a man of letters and a benefactor of education, and was given the position of educator at his palace in Belgrade. Constantine also frequented the Manasija monastery, where he helped establish the Serbian "Resava School" of literature. His high education, life experience and traveling earned him the nickname of "Filozof" (Philosopher), after Saint Cyril the Philosopher. On top of the travels in his youth, he traveled to the Holy Land and, judging by his description of three missions to the palaces of eastern rulers (Timur, Musa and Mehmed I), he may also have participated.
After the Despot's death in 1427, Constantine left Belgrade and entered into the service of ''kesar'' Uglješa Vlatković, in the area of Vranje, where he later died.〔
Constantine's work had a tremendous impact on medieval Serbian literature and education. He introduced many classical Greek elements of literature and philosophy. His frequent citing of ancient philosophers and comparisons of the Despot in the Biography caused many to consider him a precursor to the Renaissance which, due to Ottoman conquest, never occurred in Serbian culture.〔
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